Canada: Academic article explores problematic police and media practices relating to allegations of HIV non-disclosure, proposes solutions
Kyle Kirkup explores Canadian police and media practices that stigmatize people living with HIV (PLWH) and facilitate the public’s belief that HIV and PLWH are dangerous. In support, Kirkup analyzes the 2010 case of an Ottawa man living with HIV arrested for sexual assault, which involved the public release of the man’s identity, photo, sexual health, and sexual encounters in an article headlined “Have you had sex with this man?”
The ensuing discourse of gay male sexuality using tropes from the HIV epidemic in the 80s illustrates, Kirkup argues, how a lack of police and media regulation and education continue to produce a punitive and isolating environment for PLWH.
Kirkup proposes several strategies for reform, including expanding publication bans and non-disclosure legislation, changing police ethics to keep private information out of the hands of journalists, educating journalists and public officials about the medial realities of HIV transmission risk and medical prognosis, and abandoning the “aggravated sexual assault” charge based on HIV status.
Australia: Academic article explores the prevention impact of treatment on criminal 'exposure' laws and prosecutions
Evidence that treating people with HIV early in infection prevents transmission to sexual partners has reframed HIV prevention paradigms. The resulting emphasis on HIV testing as part of prevention strategies has rekindled the debate as to whether laws that criminalise HIV transmission are counterproductive to the human rights-based public health response. It also raises normative questions about what constitutes ‘safe(r) sex’ if a person with HIV has undetectable viral load, which has significant implications for sexual practice and health promotion. This paper discusses a recent high-profile Australian case where HIV transmission or exposure has been prosecuted, and considers how the interpretation of law in these instances impacts on HIV prevention paradigms. In addition, we consider the implications of an evolving medical understanding of HIV transmission, and particularly the ability to determine infectiousness through viral load tests, for laws that relate to HIV exposure (as distinct from transmission) offences. We conclude that defensible laws must relate to appreciable risk. Given the evidence that the transmissibility of HIV is reduced to negligible level where viral load is suppressed, this needs to be recognised in the framing, implementation and enforcement of the law. In addition, normative concepts of ‘safe(r) sex’ need to be expanded to include sex that is ‘protected’ by means of the positive person being virally suppressed. In jurisdictions where use of a condom has previously mitigated the duty of the person with HIV to disclose to a partner, this might logically also apply to sex that is ‘protected’ by undetectable viral load.
Is Louisiana's 'AIDS exposure' statute outdated? Advocates say it needs an update
Richard Covington of Baton Rouge was accused earlier this year of breaking into the house of someone who apparently owed him money and then fighting the resident. During the scuffle, Covington allegedly bit the man’s arm.
Coalition Pushes To Soften HIV Laws In California
A coalition including the American Civil Liberties Union and Equality California have joined together in an effort to change certain state laws they say criminalize people living with HIV. At a forum held in Fresno last week, a dozen activist and medical professionals talked about a number of goals including reducing the penalty for intentionally spreading HIV from a felony to a misdemeanor.
“We believe the punishment is not proportionate to the crime,” says Craig Pulsipher, with the AIDS Project Los Angeles.
“I would just point to similar offenses that are felony in California statutes. This puts intentional transmission of HIV on par with voluntary manslaughter and so we really believe a misdemeanor is sufficient consequence,” he says.
The group also wants to repeal a handful of laws including being charged with a felony for soliciting sex while knowingly having HIV. In this case, the law doesn’t require any sexual contact or transmission of HIV just the act of soliciting while being positive. Other laws make it a felony for HIV positive people to donate blood or breast milk. In many cases, people convicted under these laws could face jail time.
Dr. Simon Paul with Community Regional Medical Center specializes treating those with HIV and AIDS in the Central Valley. He says these laws aren’t up to date with modern science.
“A lot of these things are crime even if no harm was done,” Paul says. “The fact that if you have HIV, and if you sleep with someone you’re practically at zero risk if you’re on treatment. The way the laws are written now it’s just as bad as if the person had HIV in the 80’s and had no treatment. That’s the part to me seems the craziest.”
Today people living with HIV can take a pill on a daily basis to reduce the amount of the virus in their body to minimal levels. Paul says this makes the patient highly unlikely to pass the virus to someone else.
With the current state laws dealing with HIV, a person can only be convicted of charges if they are aware of their status. Paul says this creates unintended consequences.
“These laws make people less likely to get tested and into care which is the way you’ll actually get HIV to decrease. I think the laws are passed out of fear and not helpful at this point,” he says.
In Fresno County alone, only around half of those living with HIV are linked intro treatment. And there many that don’t know their status.
Many advocates like Pulsipher say these laws actually discourage people from getting tested.
“Some of these sites that specifically talk about HIV criminalization laws, one of the pieces of advice they give is: the best way to not be prosecuted under these statutes is to not know their HIV status. So that’s the exact opposite of what we would like to do. We want to encourage people to know their status.”
The coalition is hosting forums throughout the state and they’re working on a bill they plan to introduce next year in Sacramento.
Uganda: Community Health Alliance Uganda (CHAU) board chairman, Dr Stephen Watiti calls for repeal of clauses on disclosure, mandatory testing and transmission in HIV and AIDS Prevention and Control Act
Community Health Alliance Uganda (CHAU) board chairman, Dr Stephen Watiti, has called for an amendment of the 2014 HIV and AIDS Prevention and Control Act.
Watiti, who was speaking at the launch of CHAU’s 2016-2020 Strategic Plan last week in Kampala, wants clauses on disclosure, mandatory testing and intentional transmission repealed.
CHAU is one of the local non-governmental organizations (NGOs) involved in anti-HIV/Aids campaigns in the country. Enacted last year amidst protests from civil society and activists, the HIV and AIDS Prevention and Control Act criminalizes intentional transmission of HIV, enforces mandatory testing and requires spouses to disclose results to their partners, among others.
“In most of our communities if a woman tested positive and told her husband as stipulated in this law, it sparks domestic violence and stigmatization. So, my appeal is to review and scrap such clauses,” said Watiti, also plans to join elective politics in his bid to push for the aforesaid changes in parliament next year.
He also noted that it would be difficult to prove whether someone set out to intentionally infect their partners in a love affair.
“Preventing new infections should be a responsibility of both HIV positive and negative people,” Watiti argued, adding that testing should be voluntarily because making it mandatory is a violation of human rights.
His comments were directed to chief guest at the function, Dr Chris Baryomunsi, the state minister for health in charge of general duties and also MP for Kinkiizi East.
In response, Baryomunsi assured guests the parliamentary health committee would consider such appeals upon reviewing the HIV/Aids Act and also address concerns about the NGO Bill, which many civil society activists claim is intended to curtail their work.
Noting that some NGOs such as CHAU have done a good job as government partners in the battle against HIV/Aids, Baryomunsi said they would consider progressive provisions to ensure work is not stifled.
Baryomunsi explained that the law is intended to clamp down on NGOs that registered to health-related work but deviate from their mandate along the way.
Baryomunsi lauded the organization for its work of supporting people living with HIV in 20 districts including Kayunga, Luweero, Nakasongola, Mukono, Wakiso, Kamuli, Mayuge, Mityana, Gulu and Mbarara.
CHAU also provides family planning and sexual reproductive health education services.
US: Should we criminalize HIV? [Op-ed, St Louis American]
By Opal Jones and Theodore (Ted) Kerr | Posted: Wednesday, August 19, 2015 8:47 pm
Opal M. Jones
In the last month we saw Michael Johnson, a 23-year-old black college student, sentenced to 30-plus years in prison on HIV criminalization-related charges. David Magnum was also sentenced to 30-plus years in prison, and Robert Smith has been held on $50,000 bail for attempting to expose a person to HIV.
This is part of a disturbing trend: an ongoing criminalization of people living with HIV, at the same time as more people are living with HIV in Missouri. This prompts us to ask: Is criminalization how to deal with HIV?
As the president and CEO of Doorways, an interfaith organization providing housing and supportive services for people living with HIV/AIDS, and a Doorways volunteer, we say no.
Every day we see how support for people living with HIV is what is needed to end the epidemic, not criminalization, something echoed in a 1987 op-ed printed in this paper, “AIDS is a public health problem, not one that should be criminalized.” Written before MO. REV. STAT. § 191.677 was passed, the op-ed illustrates that even when less was known about the virus, it was understood that isolation and penalization were not answers to the crisis.
Yet, since 2008, we have seen more than 15 prosecutions and arrests for HIV exposure in Missouri. Meanwhile, the number of people living with HIV in the state is increasing. In 2008, 9,877 people in Missouri were living with HIV; by 2013, the number rose to 11,704. While this reflects the good work Doorways and other care providers are doing – people with HIV are living longer – it also indicates there has not been a significant drop in new cases.
Anecdotally, we see the majority of those charged for failure to disclose are black men, and an article in the Journal of AIDS Behavior reports “sentences of black individuals arrested for HIV exposure were significantly more severe than the sentences of their white counterparts.” Black people already bear a heavier burden of HIV. According to the Center of Disease Control, “the estimated rate of new HIV infections among blacks/African Americans (68.9) was 7.9 times as high as the rate in whites (8.7).”
Missouri’s HIV criminalization law – and similar ones existing in 33 other states – fly in the face of what has been learned about HIV in the last three decades. This exceptional dehumanization of people makes it harder for people with HIV to receive and maintain care, making criminalization a leading driver in the ongoing epidemic.
When entering into an intimate relationship, we believe that people should clearly communicate and disclose their status. However, people are being imprisoned based on a law that dictates it is 100 percent up to the person living with HIV to disclose their status and prove the disclosure, releasing other willing partners of responsibility. This may be unrealistic to prove and is not applicable for any other medical condition.
Medical advances have made it possible for people living with HIV to have an undetectable viral load, making it nearly impossible to transmit the virus. But to be undetectable, you need what for 27 years Doorways has been providing to people who need assistance: stable housing, access to care and hope.
But we can’t do our job if people living with HIV do not know their status. Reasons we hear for not getting tested: fear of a positive status being confirmed; not knowing where to go for care; not wanting to have to disclose “risky” behaviors and partners to authorities; and people often do not get tested because of the burden of knowing. The earlier someone knows their status, the sooner they are able to make treatment decisions and adapt to being someone with a communicable condition.
If we are worried about HIV, we need to come up with something better than criminalization.
Opal Jones is president and CEO of Doorways. Theodore (Ted) Kerr, a Masters student at Union Theological Seminary, is a Doorways volunteer.
The public health implications of HIV criminalization: past, current, and future research directions
(2015). The public health implications of HIV criminalization: past, current, and future research directions. Critical Public Health: Vol. 25, Special Section: HIV Criminalisation and Public Health. Guest Editor: Eric Mykhalovskiy, pp. 373-385. doi: 10.1080/09581596.2015.1052731
This contains the following articles:
EDITORIAL
The public health implications of HIV criminalization: past, current, and future research directions
Eric Mykhalovskiy
Pages: 373-385
DOI: 10.1080/09581596.2015.1052731
RESEARCH PAPERS
HIV disclosure as practice and public policy
Barry D. Adam, Patrice Corriveau, Richard Elliott, Jason Globerman, Ken English & Sean Rourke
Pages: 386-397
DOI: 10.1080/09581596.2014.980395
Chris Sanders
Pages: 398-409
DOI: 10.1080/09581596.2015.1019834
Keeping confidence: HIV and the criminal law from HIV service providers’ perspectives
Catherine Dodds, Matthew Weait, Adam Bourne & Siri Egede
Pages: 410-426
DOI: 10.1080/09581596.2015.1019835
Counselling anomie: clashing governmentalities of HIV criminalisation and prevention
Martin French
Pages: 427-440
DOI: 10.1080/09581596.2015.1046814
Daniel Grace
Pages: 441-454
DOI: 10.1080/09581596.2015.1049121
AFAO Policy Analyst Michael Frommer highlights the many types of anti-HIV criminalisation advocacy undertaken by the Canadian HIV/AIDS Legal Network
The 8th IAS Conference on HIV Pathogenesis, Treatment and Prevention (IAS 2015) is on in Vancouver, Canada, this week. AFAO Policy Analyst Michael Frommer reports back on the pre-conference community forum.
Key human rights challenges, such as criminalisation of HIV transmission, were centre stage at the IAS community forum on Saturday 18 July.
Alison Symington, co-director of Research and Policy at the Canadian HIV/AIDS Legal Network (Legal Network), described the challenge of advocacy and policy work in Canada in the face of ongoing criminalisation.
Aside from the significant justice issues when charges are laid for HIV non-disclosure, exposure or transmission, she also identified the serious of issue of people threatening their partners with an allegation, when there is relationship conflict, and how this in particular affects women who may be in abusive relationships.
In Canada, as in Australia, most of the people charged to date have been male heterosexuals, with a strong racialised element – mainly Black men. Since the mid-1990s, there has been an increase in the proportion of gay men charged.
Despite the fact that men make up the majority of those charged, Alison has investigated the pernicious effects of criminalisation on women. She explained how the ‘informal’ criminalisation of HIV positive mothers works, with their sense that their parenting is being under surveillance.
She outlined a huge range of advocacy and policy activities being undertaken by the Legal Network in response.
1) Legal defence strategy and intervention
Tactics include contacting the defence lawyers of individuals who have been charged with criminalisation related offences. The Legal Network also intervenes in the formal court proceedings and provides relevant scientific evidence.
2) Campaigns and advocacy
This has involved the Legal Network’s participation in the ‘Stop the Witch Hunt’ campaign targeting prosecutors, undertaken in collaboration with the AIDS Action Now. Legal Network staff also sit in court during trials, to make clear to judges/prosecutors that the community is monitoring developments.
3) Raising awareness/education
This education work is targeted at raising understanding among judges and among the community.
4) Working with doctors/scientists
A key piece of work was the Canadian Scientist Statement on HIV transmission risk. The Legal Network organised for 70 leading scientists from across Canada to sign this document which explained clearly the actual levels of risk of HIV transmission.
5) Distinguishing between HIV non-disclosure and sexual assault
HIV non-disclosure/exposure/transmission charges in Canada are made under the Canadian criminal law as an aggravated charge using the sexual assault provisions. The Legal Network aims to work with domestic violence/feminist organisations to ensure that HIV-related jurisprudence does not circumvent the appropriate application of sexual assault laws.
6) Prosecutorial guidelines
This has been an ongoing area of work across Ontario, Quebec and British Columbia. Ontario most recently advocated for the adoption of guidelines, but without adequate community input the Government drafted guidelines were dropped. There is still a desire to pursue appropriately formulated guidelines in future.
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| Marama Pala (in the audience) highlighting Australia’s public
health response to MC Dazon Dixon Diallo. |
The comprehensive advocacy and policy response taken by the Canadian Legal Network is extremely impressive.
With one of, if not the highest rates per capita of criminalisation in the world, it is obviously very necessary in the Canadian context.
While some circumstances differ, there are a great many ideas that may be drawn upon for responding to HIV criminalisation in the Australian context.
Sweden: Jan Albert from the Karolinska Institute reports on HIV Criminalisation in Sweden
On a crossroads – Sweden’s view on the criminalization of HIV
“It was counted as the year’s most significant scientific breakthrough, all categories, including the cosmos,” says Jan Albert at the Karolinska Institute.
He talks about the international HIV-drug study, presented in 2011, which has a special significance in Sweden, where what is known as the criminalization of HIV transmission – that people are sentenced for transmission or attempted transmission of the disease – were central to the discussions later year.
Jan Albert has spent a great deal of time as an expert witness in litigation where one or more have reported a cohabitant or temporary partner to have exposed them to the risk of disease. By now, there have been about 30 trials. He points out that these are complex issues.
The latest case law occurred a little over a year ago in Skåne and led to a free sentence for the man reported by four women for not telling her HIV status. The sentence is referred to as a clear change of course in Swedish HIV history, which is otherwise a country known to have one of the world’s hardest guidelines on the criminalization of potential transmission of HIV. Gone were the earlier offenses as “gross abuse” as well as headlines in the media, as “a new hivman ravaged”.
The Court’s reasoning was that , despite being unprotected sex with four different women , the man remained undergoing treatment, did not infect any of the women and had so low levels of virus that they were not considered to be a danger of transmission. A reasoning that is a direct result of the international study that states that the risk of contagiousness is extremely small, perhaps not existing at all, in the case of effective treatment.
“Today, HIV is, by medical means, a relatively manageable disease. The medications mean that the one who lives with HIV is likely to die from something else and then I think it becomes more important to look at social stigma, “says Jan Albert.
Putting people into prison because they have not informed about their HIV status reinforces that stigmatism, says the infectious professor.
The National Board of Health and Welfare recently updated the guidelines for the obligation to provide information. Nowadays, it does not apply to everyone, but the assessment is done on a case-by-case basis.
“We are now starting to approach the UN agency UNAIDS minimum requirement not to be convicted of HIV infection if no one has been infected, and especially if the risk is virtually non-existent as it is during effective treatment.
This can be seen as a first step towards not having criminalization at all, as is the case in, for example, Holland. And as regards the duty of information, today there is a majority in the Swedish Parliament to completely remove it.
In most cases , HIV is transmitted from people who do not themselves know that they are suffering from the disease. For those who work with HIV issues, the convicting judges make the effort to make people more informed about themselves and others about the disease.
“It is important that we disagree with what is socially reasonable, what the laws say and what should be prosecutable,” says Jan Albert, and continues: If I’m infected and my wife is not, I personally think that the recommendation should be that I should tell her, but it is a completely different matter what the laws should contain, and above all, whether it should be punishable in court.
In the 1980s, Jan Albert worked as an infection physician at Roslagstull Hospital and saw the first difficult aids. The suffering he experienced as a young doctor has characterized him and many others for the rest of his life. After Jonas Gardell’s novel and television series Never wipe tears without gloves , few people in Sweden can claim that they never heard of the HIV / AIDS epidemic.
The hysterical campaigns in the 80’s that sometimes threatened people from having sex is unthinkable today, Jan Albert believes. At the same time there is a view from the 80’s that we have not done in other ways.
“Then you did not know how the spread of infection looked or how big the epidemic would be. Through that, a view was made of HIV and AIDS as a very special disease. It is an approach we have never really managed to change, I think.
The ignorance and prejudice remain alive.
– They are only very rarely up to the surface because the subject is not as current.
Mattew Weait is a professor of law at Birkbeck College in London. He has examined Scandinavia and the common path chosen by the countries in terms of HIV policy and the consequences it has had for the sight of the disease. He believes that one of the explanations for the relatively extensive criminalization, such as Sweden, Norway and Finland, has been found in the relentless confidence in the state, as well as interpersonal relations.
– The regular World Value surveys investigating countries’ attitudes in the world show that what separates Nordic countries from many others is the ability to consider a person’s failure to tell the truth as a crime, and something that could be a criminal offense.
Swedish HIV policy has not been subjected to any major review over the years . Compared to drug issues, there are now several different lines raised in public, while the HIV issue is rarely presented as an issue with several different inputs.
The one who attempts to challenge the current policy must, as Matthew Weait is in, often argue in the first place that: the reason for questioning the criminalization of so-called HIV cases is based on a desire to facilitate people to escape liability – or at least to be a consequence of the expiry of the case.
For Jan Albert, a course change in the HIV issue is about seeing how preventive work can be improved, how we reach out to more people with knowledge that is updated, nuanced and reality-based.
“We can not have a right of justice for HIV, which differs so much from how we handle other serious infectious diseases in this country, as is the case today. It counteracts the overall goal of limiting the damage without reinforcing them, “says Albert.
Anna-Maria Sörberg is a freelance journalist and has previously written the book “Det Sjuka” (2009)
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Vid ett vägskäl – Sveriges syn på kriminalisering av hiv
– Den räknades som det årets mest betydelsefulla vetenskapliga genombrott, alla kategorier, kosmos inräknat, säger smittskyddsprofessorn Jan Albert vid Karolinska Institutet.
Han pratar om den internationella studie om medicinering av hiv som presenterades 2011 och som fått en särskild betydelse i Sverige, där det som kallas kriminalisering av hiv-överföring – att människor döms för överföring eller försök till överföring av sjukdomen – varit central i diskussionerna under senare år.
Jan Albert har tillbringat en hel del tid som expertvittne i rättegångar där någon eller flera har anmält en sambo eller tillfällig partner för att ha utsatt dem för risk för sjukdom. Vid det här laget har det blivit ett 30-tal rättegångar. Han påpekar att det här rör sig om komplexa saker.
Det senaste rättsfallet inträffade för ett drygt år sedan i Skåne och ledde till en friande dom för mannen som anmälts av fyra kvinnor för att inte ha berättat om sin hiv-status. Domen betecknas som en tydlig kursändring i svensk hiv-historia, som annars är ett land känt för att ha en av världens hårdaste riktlinjer kring kriminalisering av potentiell överföring av hiv. Borta var de tidigare brottsrubriceringarna som »grov misshandel« liksom rubriker i media i stil med att »en ny hivman härjat«.
Domstolens motivering var att mannen – trots att han haft oskyddat sex med fyra olika kvinnor – stått under fungerande behandling, inte smittat någon av kvinnorna och haft så låga virusnivåer att de inte ansågs utgöra någon fara för överföring. Ett resonemang som är ett direkt resultat av den internationella studien som fastslår att risken för smittsamhet är ytterst liten, kanske inte existerande alls, vid fungerande behandling.
– Numera är ju hiv medicinskt sett en relativt hanterbar sjukdom. Medicinerna gör att den som lever med hiv förmodligen kommer dö av något annat och då anser jag att det blir viktigare att titta på socialt stigma, säger Jan Albert.
Att sätta människor med hiv i fängelse för att de inte informerat om sin hiv-status förstärker det stigmat, konstaterar smittskyddsprofessorn.
Socialstyrelsen uppdaterade för några år sedan riktlinjerna för informationsplikten. Numera gäller den inte alla, utan bedömningen sker från fall till fall.
– Vi börjar nu närma oss FN-organet UNAIDS minimikrav att man inte ska dömas för att ha spridit hiv om ingen har blivit smittad, och framförallt inte om risken är så gott som obefintlig som den är vid fungerande behandling.
Det kan ses som ett första steg mot att inte ha kriminalisering överhuvudtaget, vilket är fallet i till exempel Holland. Och när det gäller just informationsplikten finns det i dag en majoritet i Sveriges riksdag för att helt ta bort den.
I de flesta fall överförs hiv från personer som inte själva vet om att de bär på sjukdomen. För de som arbetar med frågor om hiv försvårar de fällande domarna arbetet med att få människor att i högre grad informera sig själva och andra om sjukdomen.
– Det är viktigt att vi håller isär vad som är medmänskligt rimligt, vad lagarna säger och vad som ska vara åtalbart, säger Jan Albert och fortsätter: Om jag är smittad och min fru inte är det tycker jag personligen att rekommendationen ska vara att jag ska berätta för henne, men det är en helt annan sak vad lagarna ska innehålla och framförallt huruvida det ska vara straffbart i domstol.
På 1980-talet arbetade Jan Albert som infektionsläkare på Roslagstulls sjukhus och såg de första svåra aidsfallen. Det lidande han upplevde på plats som ung läkare har präglat honom och många andra för resten av livet. Efter Jonas Gardells roman och tv-serie Torka aldrig tårar utan handskar kan få människor i Sverige hävda att de aldrig hört talas om hiv/aids-epidemin.
De hysteriska kampanjerna under 80-talet som ibland nästan hotade folk från att ha sex är otänkbara idag, tror Jan Albert. Samtidigt finns ett synsätt kvar från 80-talet som vi på andra sätt inte har gjort upp med.
– Då visste man ju inte hur smittspridningen såg ut eller hur stor epidemin skulle bli. Genom det formades en syn på hiv och aids som en väldigt speciell sjukdom. Det är ett synsätt som vi aldrig riktigt har lyckats förändra, anser jag.
Okunskapen och fördomarna lever fortfarande kvar.
– De är bara väldigt sällan uppe vid ytan eftersom ämnet inte är lika aktuellt.
Mattew Weait är professor i juridik vid Birkbeck College i London. Han har granskat Skandinavien och den gemensamma väg länderna valt vad gäller hiv-politik och vilka konsekvenser det har fått för synen på sjukdomen. Han tror att en av förklaringarna till den relativt omfattande kriminalisering som framförallt Sverige, Norge och Finland haft går att finna i den obevekliga tilltron till staten, liksom till mellanmänskliga relationer.
– De regelbundna World Value-undersökningar som undersöker länders attityder i världen visar att det som skiljer nordiska länder från många andra är möjligheten att betrakta en persons misslyckande att berätta sanningen som ett brott, och något som ska kunna vara en straffbar handling.
Den svenska hiv-politiken har inte utsatts för någon större granskning genom åren. Om man jämför med narkotikafrågan så finns där numera flera olika linjer som lyfts fram i offentligheten medan hiv-frågan sällan presenteras som en fråga med flera olika ingångar.
Den som försöker sig på ett ifrågasättande av den rådande politiken måste, som Matthew Weait är inne på, ofta först argumentera sig ur fällan som uppstår: att anledningen till att man ifrågasätter kriminalisering av så kallade hiv-fall sker utifrån en önskan att underlätta för människor att undkomma ansvar – eller att det åtminstone kommer bli en konsekvens om rättsfallen upphör.
För Jan Albert handlar en kursändring i hiv-frågan snarare om att se hur det förebyggande arbetet kan förbättras, hur vi når ut till fler människor med kunskap som är uppdaterad, nyanserad och verklighetsförankrad.
– Vi inte kan ha en rättskipningspraxis för hiv som skiljer sig så mycket från hur vi hanterar andra allvarliga infektionssjukdomar i det här landet, så som är fallet idag. Det motverkar det övergripande målet att begränsa skadorna utan att förstärka dem, säger Albert.
Anna-Maria Sörberg är frilansjournalist och har tidigare skrivit boken ”Det sjuka” (2009)

